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 楼主| 发表于 2004-6-23 18:06:33 | 显示全部楼层

中国顾问师论坛正在搞友情论坛链接.


建议管理员至中国顾问师论坛申请链接,提高本论坛的人气.


http://www.qaiso.com/bbs/dispbbs ... 7691&page=1
发表于 2004-8-22 22:02:35 | 显示全部楼层
不错!!!顶一下子
发表于 2004-9-9 17:51:00 | 显示全部楼层
以下是引用unosong在2004-6-19 10:17:00的发言:


有特色很重要!


严重同意
发表于 2004-9-10 08:27:19 | 显示全部楼层
发展自己的特色,发挥自己的特长,做精
发表于 2004-10-16 08:08:12 | 显示全部楼层

好是好,就是好多链接没有。
发表于 2004-12-15 00:03:14 | 显示全部楼层
同意24楼!
发表于 2005-3-30 18:55:57 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt">IE方法实战精解
< 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 235.4pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=3>古往今来,不知有多少先贤曾感叹过时光易逝,韶华难追。懂得利用时间的人觉得时间很宝贵,一分一秒都不让他白过。不懂得利用时间的人觉得时间很无情,总在时间消逝之后来追悔自己碌碌无为。</FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 234pt; TEXT-INDENT: -234pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: -19.5; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                       </FONT>对于追求投资回报的企业来说,“时间就是金钱,”这句话真是至理名言啊,不同的人利用时间的能力有高有低,不同的企业利用的时间也参差不齐,这也是企业成败的一大关键呀!在同样的时间里,谁的产出多,谁的效率就高,谁占有竞争优势,这是毋庸置疑的。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 233.95pt"><FONT size=3>许多企业都知道要提高效率,却总是以定性的方法来进行,结果许多时间在不知不觉中浪费掉了却不感到可惜。须知,效率是以时间为基准来衡量的。对时间和产出进行定量的分析才是提高效率的堂堂正正之道。</FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 233.95pt; mso-para-margin-left: 22.28gd"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 233.95pt; mso-para-margin-left: 22.28gd"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt 261.0pt center 310.5pt" align=left><A><FONT face="Times New Roman">                                           </FONT></A><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt 261.0pt center 310.5pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第一章IE概述" target="_blank" >第一章:  IE概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第二章:动作分析简介" target="_blank" >第二章:  动作分析简介</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第三章:沙布利克分析与作业改善" target="_blank" >第三章:  沙布利克分析与作业改善</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt 162.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第四章:动作经济原则" target="_blank" >第四章:  动作经济原则</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第五章:动作分析改善实例" target="_blank" >第五章:  动作分析改善实例</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第六章:工程分析概述" target="_blank" >第六章:  工程分析概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第七章:制品工程分析" target="_blank" >第七章:  制品工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第八章:作业者工程分析" target="_blank" >第八章:  作业者工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第九章:联合工程分析" target="_blank" >第九章:  联合工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第十章:事务工程分析" target="_blank" >第十章:  事务工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第十一章:时间分析概述" target="_blank" >第十一章:时间分析概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardID=24&amp;ID=312&amp;page=1#第十二章:标准时间与生产平衡分析" target="_blank" >第十二章:标准时间与生产平衡分析</A>
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发表于 2005-3-30 18:57:46 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt 261.0pt center 310.5pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT>
< 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt 261.0pt center 310.5pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
< 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第一章IE概述" target="_blank" >第一章:  IE概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第二章:动作分析简介" target="_blank" >第二章:  动作分析简介</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt -17.85pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.85pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.7gd; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第三章:沙布利克分析与作业改善" target="_blank" >第三章:  沙布利克分析与作业改善</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt 162.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第四章:动作经济原则" target="_blank" >第四章:  动作经济原则</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第五章:动作分析改善实例" target="_blank" >第五章:  动作分析改善实例</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第六章:工程分析概述" target="_blank" >第六章:  工程分析概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第七章:制品工程分析" target="_blank" >第七章:  制品工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第八章:作业者工程分析" target="_blank" >第八章:  作业者工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第九章:联合工程分析" target="_blank" >第九章:  联合工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第十章:事务工程分析" target="_blank" >第十章:  事务工程分析</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第十一章:时间分析概述" target="_blank" >第十一章:时间分析概述</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.8; tab-stops: 135.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#第十二章:标准时间与生产平衡分析" target="_blank" >第十二章:标准时间与生产平衡分析</A>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 391.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -391.3pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: -19.49" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 391.3pt; TEXT-INDENT: -391.3pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-char-indent-count: -19.49" align=center><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#目录" target="_blank" >第一章<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>概述</A>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 24pt; TEXT-INDENT: -24pt; tab-stops: list 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">一、         IE</FONT>的开始
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25">IE是英文<FONT face="Times New Roman">Industrial Engineering</FONT>的简称,直译为工业工程,是以人、物料、设备、能源和住处组成的集成系统为主要研究对象,综合应用工程技术、管理科学和社会科学的理论与方法等知识,对其进行规划、设计、管理、改进和创新等活动,使其达到降低成本,提高质量和效益的目的的一项活动。简单地说,<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>是改善效率、成本、品质的方法科学。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25">一般认为泰勒(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Frederick W.Taylor 1856~1915</FONT>)和吉尔布雷斯(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Frank B.Gilbreth 1868~1924</FONT>)是<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>的开山鼻祖。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25">十九世纪八十年代,泰勒和吉尔布雷斯分别通过自己的实践,仔细观察工人的作业方式,再寻找效率最高的作业方法,并且设定标准时间进行效率评估。结果,不仅生产效率得以提高,工人的收入也得以增加。从而开创了工业工程研究的先河。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25">泰勒和吉尔布雷斯都是通过研究劳动者的作业方式,以扎实的资料为依据进行分析,而不是依赖直觉,进而提高生产效率。不过,两人的侧重点有所不同,泰勒偏重于“作业测定”(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Work Measurement</FONT>简称<FONT face="Times New Roman">WM</FONT>),吉尔布雷斯则以“方法改善”(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Method Engineering</FONT>简称<FONT face="Times New Roman">ME</FONT>)的始祖自居。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 22.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.25"><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1026"></v:textbox></v:rect><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV class=shape 7.2pt; PADDING-LEFT: 7.2pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 3.6pt" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>运用IE方法提升工作效率,事半功倍。
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE>我们可以通过泰勒和吉尔布雷斯研究的具体事例来初步认识<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>和它所起的作用。
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">二、勒和吉尔布雷斯的研究事例
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.铁锹研究
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1898</FONT>年,泰勒在匹斯连钢公司发现以下现象:
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">当时,不管铲取铁石还是搬运煤炭,都使用铁锹进行人工搬运,雇佣的搬运工动不动达五六百名。优秀的搬运工一般不愿使用公司发放的铁锹,宁愿使用个人拥有的铁锹。同时一个是基层干部要管理五六十名搬运工,且所涉及的作业范围又相当广泛。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">在一次调查中,泰勒发现搬运工一次可铲起<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>又<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2</FONT>磅(约<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.6</FONT>公斤)的煤粉,而铁矿石则可铲起<FONT face="Times New Roman">38</FONT>磅(约<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>公斤)。为了获得一天最大的搬运量,泰勒开始着手研究每一锹最合理的铲取量。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">泰勒找了两名优秀的搬运工用不同大小的铁锹做实验,每次都使用秒表记录时间。最后发现:一锹铲取量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT>又<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2</FONT>镑(约<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>公斤)时,一天的材料搬运量为最大。同时也得出一个结论,在搬运铁矿石和煤粉时,最好使用不同的铁锹。此外,还展开生产计划,以改善基层管理干部的管理范围。进一步的,还设定了一天的标准工作量,对超过标准的员工,给予薪资以外的补贴,达不到标准的员工,则要进行作业分析,指导他们的作业方式,使他们也能达到标准。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">结果,在三年以后,原本要五六百名员工进行的作业,只要<FONT face="Times New Roman">140</FONT>名就可以完成,材料浪费也大大降低。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.          </FONT>砌墙动作的研究
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">吉尔布雷斯从事的是建筑业。十九世纪末的建筑业,砌砖墙是施工的一个重要部分。吉尔布雷斯发现不同的施工者在不同的场合下动作各不相同,他认为其中一定存在一种最合理的施工方法,能使效率最高,施工人员的疲劳度也最低。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">例如:当时,砌墙时砖头摆放在地面上,施工人员必须一次次的弯腰选择砖头,选择比较良好的侧面。这样,不但施工人员容易疲劳,效率也不可能高。吉尔布雷斯通过一系列研究,改进了施工方法,在施工人员容易取放的高度上设置了一个摆放砖头的同时,另一只手拿着沾满混凝土的抹板,改以前的单手作业为双手作业。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">经过这样的改进后,施工速度是以前的三倍以上,施工人员的疲劳度也大降低。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; TEXT-INDENT: 28pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">从以上事例中我们可以发现通过实施<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>改善,不但可以生产效率得到提升,而且可以降低员工劳动强度,并且为绩效管理提供了基准。对企业而言,无疑是求之不得的好事。特别对于我国目前大多数企业而言,多数属劳动密集型企业,管理以直觉为主,引进<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>一定可以收到巨大的成效。
发表于 2005-3-30 18:58:38 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt 72pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 72.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman">三、     </FONT>基础<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>的组成
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 44.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.21; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>经过一个多世纪的发展,如今已经成为一个技术性极强,应用广泛的学科。随着<FONT face="Times New Roman">QC</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">WF</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">MH</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">VA</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">VE</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">WS</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">OR</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">WD</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">SE</FONT>…等方法在企业中运用,产业界发生了天翻地覆的变化,<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>也一直受到社会的重视。在美国,<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>工程师是工程类职业的第二大职业,有<FONT face="Times New Roman">110</FONT>万<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>工程师在各行各业中服务。美国劳工部估计,今后十年工业工程师的需求将是每年<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">000</FONT>人,是即将毕业的学生数的三倍多。相信随着市场化程度的不断提高,随着中国向世界制造中心的地位不断迈进,国内也会掀起一股<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>方法应用的热潮。
< 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 44.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.21; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">今天,<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>与专业技术的结合更加紧密,各种新方法、新术语层出不穷。不过,对于一般的工厂管理<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>技术人员来说,如果能将基础的<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>方法熟练应用,就能产生很大效果。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 44.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.21; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">基础的<FONT face="Times New Roman">IE</FONT>方法包含以下几个方面:
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.        </FONT>动作分析
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2.        </FONT>工程分析
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3.        </FONT>时间分析
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4.        </FONT>搬运与布置
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 44.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.21; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">这些方法可以根据改善的目的或对象独立进行使用。不过,它们彼此之间有密切的联系,倘能相互结合,纯熟应用,则效果更佳。本书将就每一方法详细进行展开。
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 53.9pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.85; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; tab-stops: 84.0pt center 261.0pt left 380.0pt" align=left><FONT face="Times New Roman">              </FONT>第二篇<FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; tab-stops: 84.0pt center 261.0pt left 380.0pt" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1026"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:textbox></v:rect><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV class=shape 7.2pt; PADDING-LEFT: 7.2pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 3.6pt" v:shape="_x0000_s1026"><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 80.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 4.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>费,莫<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>费。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 160.65pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 8.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 220.85pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-char-indent-count: 11.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly">——吉尔布雷斯
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<BR vglayout" clear=all><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 175.7pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><a href="http://www.isobbs.net/bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=24&amp;id=312&amp;star=3#目录" target="_blank" >第二章:动作分析简介</A>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 175.7pt; mso-char-indent-count: 7.0; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 162pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3"><FONT face="Times New Roman">一、  </FONT>动作分析的目的
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: 162pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3"><FONT face="Times New Roman">二、  </FONT>动作分析改善的次序
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 162pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1027"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:textbox></v:rect><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV class=shape 7.2pt; PADDING-LEFT: 7.2pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 3.6pt" v:shape="_x0000_s1027"><P 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt">动作改善四原则:
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; tab-stops: list 74.9pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4">l       取消(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Eliminate</FONT>)
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; tab-stops: list 74.9pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4">l       组合(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Combine</FONT>)
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; tab-stops: list 74.9pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4">l       重排(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Rearrange</FONT>)
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 74.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; tab-stops: list 74.9pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4">l       简化(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Simplify</FONT>)
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
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<BR vglayout" clear=all>
发表于 2005-3-30 18:59:15 | 显示全部楼层
< 0cm 0cm 0pt 109.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: -88.5pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt list 109.5pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo1" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman">第二章</FONT>动作分析简介
< 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
< 0cm 0cm 0pt 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt" align=center><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman">一、    </FONT>动作分析的目的
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">生产活动实际上是由人和机械设备对材料或零部件进行加工或检验组成的,而所有的检验或加工又都有是由一系列的动作所组成,这些动作的快慢、多少、有效与否,直接影响了生产效率的高低。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">许多工厂对工序动作的安排,往往是在产品刚开始生产时安排一次,此后除非出现重大问题很少进行变更。效率的提高一般视作业者的动作熟练程度而定,随着动作的逐渐熟练,作业者对作业动作习以为常,完全在无意识中进行操作。实际上,这样的作法潜藏着极大的效率损失。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">许多人们认为理所当然的动作组合,其实都存在
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3">l       停滞
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3">l       无效动作
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3">l       次序不合理
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3">l       不均衡(如:太忙碌、太清闲等)
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 57pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 57.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3">l       浪费
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">等不合理现象。这些动作对产品的性能和结构没有任何改变,自然也不可能创造附加价值,使生产效率因之降低。吉尔布雷斯曾说过:“世界上最大的浪费,莫过于动作的浪费。”
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">以日常生活中的动作为例:一个熟练的厨师,可以同时用两个甚至更多的炉子炒菜,快速而且不会出差错。而平常人则可能用一个炉子炒菜都会出现在中途发现某一种材料还未准备好的状况,所耗费的时间也更长。究其原因,就是因为动作安排合理与否造成的。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">动作分析就是对作业动作进行细致的分解研究,消除上述不合理现象,使动作更为简化,更为合理,从而提升生产效率的方法。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 36.0pt left 84.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2"><FONT face="Times New Roman">二、     </FONT>动作分析改善的次序
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">动作分析改善的步骤,如果用<FONT face="Times New Roman">PDCA</FONT>的方法进行分析的话,可以作成图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1</FONT>那样的流程图,遵循这样的步骤进行动作分析改善,可以使动作的效率不断得到提升。
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt">动作分析改善的步骤(图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.1</FONT>)
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 22pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 84.0pt"><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1026"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>问题的发生<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>发现
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE></v:textbox></v:rect><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1027"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>现<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>状<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>分<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>析<v:shapetype><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f"></v:path><lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></lock></FONT></v:shapetype><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata></v:shape>的发生<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>发现
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE></v:textbox></v:rect><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1028"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>找出问题的真因
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE></v:textbox></v:rect><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1029"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>拟定改善方案
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE></v:textbox></v:rect><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1030"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>实施改善方案
[/quote]</TD></TR></TABLE></v:textbox></v:rect><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1032"><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>改善效果确认
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<BR vglayout" clear=all><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 231.0pt"><v:line><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:line><v:rect><v:textbox style="mso-next-textbox: #_x0000_s1031"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></v:textbox></v:rect><TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"><TR><TD #ece9d8; BORDER-TOP: #ece9d8; BORDER-LEFT: #ece9d8; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ece9d8; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"><DIV class=shape 7.2pt; PADDING-LEFT: 7.2pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 3.6pt; PADDING-TOP: 3.6pt" v:shape="_x0000_s1031"><P 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center>标<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>准<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>化
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<P 0cm 0cm 0pt 78pt; TEXT-INDENT: -60pt; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo1"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.  </FONT>问题的发生<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>发现
<P 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 72.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">     </FONT>在生产制造的现场,每天都有新的问题在发生。有些人可能视若无睹,觉得一切都很正常,因而也就缺少改善的动因,效率也就日复一日地停留在同一水平上。改善往往源于问题的发生和发现,管理者如果能带着疑问审视现场所发生的一切,特别对细节的地方加以留意,就更容易找到改善的对象。表<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.2</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.3</FONT>可以启发管理人员发现现场的问题点。
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